Harigana Characters

 

The 46 Basic Characters:

vowels	あ a	い i	う u	え e	お o
k-line	か ka	き ki	く ku	け ke	こ ko
s-line	さ sa	し shi	す su	せ se	そ so
t-line	た ta	ち chi	つ tsu	て te	と to
n-line	な na	に ni	ぬ nu	ね ne	の no
h-line	は ha	ひ hi	ふ fu	へ he	ほ ho
m-line	ま ma	み mi	む mu	め me	も mo
y-line	や ya		ゆ yu		よ yo
r-line	ら ra	り ri	る ru	れ re	ろ ro
w-line	わ wa				を wo
	ん n

濁音 (dakuon) and 半濁音 (handakuon)

Additional hiragana are formed by adding double dots ( ゛) and circle ( ゜) to the upper right hand corner of certain hiragana.By adding double dots or 濁点 (dakuten) to k-line, s-line, t-line and h-line, we will get the additional hiragana of g-line, z-line, d-line and b-line respectively.

And by adding circle or 半濁点 (handakuten) to the h-line, the p-line is formed. See the additional hirigana chart below.

g-line	が ga	ぎ gi	ぐ gu	げ ge	ご go
z-line	ざ za	じ ji	ず zu	ぜ ze	ぞ zo
d-line	だ da	ぢ ji	づ zu	で de	ど do
b-line	ば ba	び bi	ぶ bu	べ be	ぼ bo
p-line	ぱ pa	ぴ pi	ぷ pu	ぺ pe	ぽ po

Note: ぢ & づ in the d-line are less commonly used as compared to じ & ず

拗音 (youon)

Another group of additional Japanese hiragana called 拗音 (youon) is formed by adding smaller version of ya, yu or yo (ゃ, ゅ or ょ) to hiragana ending in vowel i. See the hiragana chart below.

k-line	きゃ kya	きゅ kyu	きょ kyo
s-line	しゃ sha	しゅ shu	しょ sho
t-line	ちゃ cha	ちゅ chu	ちょ cho
n-line	にゃ nya	にゅ nyu	にょ nyo
h-line	ひゃ hya	ひゅ hyu	ひょ hyo
m-line	みゃ mya	みゅ myu	みょ myo
r-line	りゃ rya	りゅ ryu	りょ ryo

Below shows the additional hiragana chart of 拗音 (youon) with 濁点 (dakuten) and 半濁点 (handakuten).

g-line	ぎゃ gya	ぎゅ gyu	ぎょ gyo
z-line	じゃ ja	じゅ ju	じょ jo
b-line	びゃ bya	びゅ byu	びょ byo
p-line	ぴゃ pya	ぴゅ pyu	ぴょ pyo

促音 (sokuon)

When a small tsu (っ) called 促音 (sokuon) is added, it means the following consonant is geminated or doubled (double consonants). This small (っ) forms the double consonants with the following character.

This also means after we pronounce the previous consonant, we pause for the same amount of time used to pronounce the consonant, then continue to pronounce the following consonant.

Long Vowels 長音 (chouon)

For long vowels, we normally add a second vowel following the first vowel. See the examples below:

	Hiragana	Romaji	Meaning
1.	おば あ さん	o ba a san	grandmother/old woman
2.	おじ い さん	o ji i san	grandfather/old man
3.	す う じ	su u ji	numeral/figure
4.	おね え さん	o ne e san	elder sister
5.	え い が	e i ga	movie
6.	こ お り	ko o ri	ice
7.	ほ う りつ	ho u ri tsu	law

Although both sokuon and chouon are not in the hiragana charts, they are important in helping to pronounce Japanese correctly.

Take some time to memorize the above hiragana charts. It really helps when you start to learn kanji.

Resource: https://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/hiragana-chart.html